Drupal7配合Varnish使用及整合drupal模块的详细教程
准备环境
首先安装一个全新的Drupal，推荐使用drush安装，方便迅速。
先要建一个数据库，记住用户和密码。
###进入mysql
mysql -uroot -p
CREATE DATABASE `mydb` CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
GRANT ALL ON `mydb`.* TO `username`@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
####退出mysql
Drush安装Drupal7：
drush dl drupal-7.x; #--select 用来选择一个版本
drush site-install standard --account-name=admin --account-pass=admin --db-url=mysql://YourMySQLUser:RandomPassword@localhost/YourMySQLDatabase
默认会安装最新版本的drupal7，如果要选择一个版本，请加参数：–select。
安装成功后，再下载一个varnish模块。
#进入drupal目录
drush dl varnish
安装Varnish
我们默认一个CentOS为例，因为CentOS仓库中的Varnish版本较低，要导入一个新的repo，然后，在升级一下yum软件库。
具体参考这个链接：https://www.varnish-cache.org/installation/redhat
####Varnish 4.0:
rpm --nosignature -i https://repo.varnish-cache.org/redhat/varnish-4.0.el6.rpm
yum install varnish
####Varnish 3.0:
###RHEL 5 or a compatible distribution, use:
rpm --nosignature -i https://repo.varnish-cache.org/redhat/varnish-3.0.el5.rpm
yum install varnish
###RHEL 6 and compatible distributions, use:
rpm --nosignature -i https://repo.varnish-cache.org/redhat/varnish-3.0.el6.rpm
yum install varnish
#如果安装的版本不对，请update一下。
#yum update
输入如下命令监测是否安装成功：
$ usr/sbin/varnishd -V
varnishd (varnish-3.0.5 revision 1a89b1f)
Copyright (c) 2006 Verdens Gang AS
Copyright (c) 2006-2011 Varnish Software AS
设置Varnish的VCL
复制如下代码到/etc/varnish/default.vcl里面：
.host = "127.0.0.1";
.port = "80";
}
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.restarts == 0) {
if (req.http.x-forwarded-for) {
set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = req.http.X-Forwarded-For ", " client.ip;
}
else {
set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = client.ip;
}
}
# Do not cache these paths.
if (req.url ~ "^/status.php$" ||
req.url ~ "^/update.php$" ||
req.url ~ "^/ooyala/ping$" ||
req.url ~ "^/admin/build/features" ||
req.url ~ "^/info/.$" ||
req.url ~ "^/flag/.$" ||
req.url ~ "^./ajax/.$" ||
req.url ~ "^./ahah/.$") {
return (pass);
}
# Pipe these paths directly to Apache for streaming.
if (req.url ~ "^/admin/content/backup_migrate/export") {
return (pipe);
}
# Allow the backend to serve up stale content if it is responding slowly.
set req.grace = 6h;
# Use anonymous, cached pages if all backends are down.
if (!req.backend.healthy) {
unset req.http.Cookie;
}
# Always cache the following file types for all users.
if (req.url ~ "(?i).(png|gif|jpeg|jpg|ico|swf|css|js|html|htm)(?[wd=.-] )?$") {
unset req.http.Cookie;
}
# Remove all cookies that Drupal doesn't need to know about. ANY remaining
# cookie will cause the request to pass-through to Apache. For the most part
# we always set the NO_CACHE cookie after any POST request, disabling the
# Varnish cache temporarily. The session cookie allows all authenticated users
# to pass through as long as they're logged in.
if (req.http.Cookie) {
set req.http.Cookie = ";" req.http.Cookie;
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "; ", ";");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";(SESS[a-z0-9] |NO_CACHE)=", "; 1=");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, ";[^ ][^;]*", "");
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "^[; ] |[; ] $", "");
# Remove the "has_js" cookie
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "has_js=[^;] (; )?", "");
# Remove the "Drupal.toolbar.collapsed" cookie
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "Drupal.toolbar.collapsed=[^;] (; )?", "");
# Remove AdminToolbar cookie for drupal6
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "DrupalAdminToolbar=[^;] (; )?", "");
# Remove any Google Analytics based cookies
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__utm.=[^;] (; )?", "");
# Remove the Quant Capital cookies (added by some plugin, all __qca)
set req.http.Cookie = regsuball(req.http.Cookie, "__qc.=[^;] (; )?", "");
if (req.http.Cookie == "") {
# If there are no remaining cookies, remove the cookie header. If there
# aren't any cookie headers, Varnish's default behavior will be to cache
# the page.
unset req.http.Cookie;
set req.http.X-Varnish-NoCookie = "TRUE";
}
else {
# If there is any cookies left (a session or NO_CACHE cookie), do not
# cache the page. Pass it on to Apache directly.
set req.http.X-Varnish-NoCookie = "FALSE";
set req.http.X-Varnish-CookieData = req.http.Cookie;
return (pass);
}
}
# Handle compression correctly. Different browsers send different
# "Accept-Encoding" headers, even though they mostly all support the same
# compression mechanisms. By consolidating these compression headers into
# a consistent format, we can reduce the size of the cache and get more hits.
# @see: http:// varnish.projects.linpro.no/wiki/FAQ/Compression
if (req.http.Accept-Encoding) {
if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "gzip") {
# If the browser supports it, we'll use gzip.
set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "gzip";
}
else if (req.http.Accept-Encoding ~ "deflate") {
# Next, try deflate if it is supported.
set req.http.Accept-Encoding = "deflate";
}
else {
# Unknown algorithm. Remove it and send unencoded.
unset req.http.Accept-Encoding;
}
}
if (req.request != "GET" &&
req.request != "HEAD" &&
req.request != "PUT" &&
req.request != "POST" &&
req.request != "TRACE" &&
req.request != "OPTIONS" &&
req.request != "DELETE") {
/* Non-RFC2616 or CONNECT which is weird. */
return (pipe);
}
if (req.request != "GET" && req.request != "HEAD") {
/* We only deal with GET and HEAD by default */
return (pass);
}
## Unset Authorization header if it has the correct details...
#if (req.http.Authorization == "Basic <hash>") {
# unset req.http.Authorization;
#}
if (req.http.Authorization || req.http.Cookie) {
/* Not cacheable by default */
return (pass);
}
return (lookup);
}
sub vcl_pipe {
# Note that only the first request to the backend will have
# X-Forwarded-For set. If you use X-Forwarded-For and want to
# have it set for all requests, make sure to have:
set bereq.http.connection = "close";
# here. It is not set by default as it might break some broken web
# applications, like IIS with NTLM authentication.
}
# Routine used to determine the cache key if storing/retrieving a cached page.
sub vcl_hash {
if (req.http.X-Forwarded-Proto == "https") {
hash_data(req.http.X-Forwarded-Proto);
}
}
sub vcl_hit {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
purge;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
sub vcl_miss {
if (req.request == "PURGE") {
purge;
error 200 "Purged.";
}
}
# Code determining what to do when serving items from the Apache servers.
sub vcl_fetch {
set beresp.http.X-Varnish-CookieData = beresp.http.set-cookie;
# Don't allow static files to set cookies.
if (req.url ~ "(?i).(png|gif|jpeg|jpg|ico|swf|css|js)(?[a-z0-9] )?$") {
# beresp == Back-end response from the web server.
unset beresp.http.set-cookie;
}
else if (beresp.http.Cache-Control) {
unset beresp.http.Expires;
}
if (beresp.status == 301) {
set beresp.ttl = 1h;
return(deliver);
}
## Doesn't seem to work as expected
#if (beresp.status == 500) {
# set beresp.saintmode = 10s;
# return(restart);
#}
# Allow items to be stale if needed.
set beresp.grace = 1h;
}
# Set a header to track a cache HIT/MISS.
sub vcl_deliver {
if (obj.hits > 0) {
set resp.http.X-Varnish-Cache = "HIT";
}
else {
set resp.http.X-Varnish-Cache = "MISS";
}
}
# In the event of an error, show friendlier messages.
sub vcl_error {
set obj.http.Content-Type = "text/html; charset=utf-8";
set obj.http.Retry-After = "5";
synthetic {"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>"} obj.status " " obj.response {"</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Error "} obj.status " " obj.response {"</h1>
<p>"} obj.response {"</p>
<h3>Guru Meditation:</h3>
<p>XID: "} req.xid {"</p>
<hr>
<p>Varnish cache server</p>
</body>
</html>
"};
return (deliver);
}
配置完成之后，启动Varnish。
测试效果
打开浏览器，输入druapl7的地址，先看Drupal7是否正常，然后加上端口号。
比如我们的测试地址是：http://drupal7.jiaochengji.com
那么再用浏览器打开varnish的地址，如下：http://drupal7.jiaochengji.com:6081/
测试结果，两边都正常就表示drupal和varnish都工作正常。
让Varnish缓存Drupal页面
用Firebug查看varnish的请求，如果看到http头里面有X-Varnish的标记表示varnish已经起作用，这时候我们要判断varnish是否缓存了页面。
如何判断：X-Varnish后面有一个数字，表示不是缓存，X-Varnish后面有两个数字，表示缓存成功。
到这里，我们会发现所有的varnish都没有缓存命中，那么问题来了。。。（挖掘机不会出现）
如何让varnish缓存起作用：
// Tell Drupal it's behind a proxy.
$conf['reverse_proxy'] = TRUE;
// Tell Drupal what addresses the proxy server(s) use.
$conf['reverse_proxy_addresses'] = array('127.0.0.1');
// Bypass Drupal bootstrap for anonymous users so that Drupal sets max-age < 0.
$conf['page_cache_invoke_hooks'] = FALSE;
// Make sure that page cache is enabled.
$conf['cache'] = 1;
$conf['cache_lifetime'] = 0;
$conf['page_cache_maximum_age'] = 21600;
给Drupal的settings.php添加如下内容，然后刷新浏览器，即可看到X-Varnish的数字变成了两个（多刷几次）。
至此，Varnish已经完全可以缓存Drupal的页面了。如下图所示：
那么，Drupal的Varnish模块是做什么用的？
简单来说，Varnish就是通过Drupal的缓存接口，清除varnish的缓存，比如页面过期。
此外，通过Expire模块，可以精确的控制那些页面，过期时间都可以控制，比较方便。
配置Drupal.org的Varnish模块
启用Varnish模块，阅读一下varnish模块的官方说明: https://www.drupal.org/project/varnish
主要是给Drupal的settings.php添加如下两行：
// Add Varnish as the page cache handler.
$conf['cache_backends'] = array('sites/all/modules/varnish/varnish.cache.inc');
$conf['cache_class_cache_page'] = 'VarnishCache';
然后到Drupal设置页面，路径如下: admin/config/development/varnish
例如：
Varnish Control Terminal: 127.0.0.1:6082
Varnish Control Key： 86b2d660-9768-4a13-ab90-4b0736d6a4d1
点击保存，status就会变为绿色。
（注意：Control Key的值在/etc/varnish/secret 文件里面，复制内容即可）
设置完成，那么清空一下Drupal的缓存，就会发现Varnish里面的缓存值就会刷新，实现了即时清空缓存的目的。
到此完成 （更多问题到drupal大学：http://drupal001.net提问哦！）
哦哦，还有一种情况，就是Varnish安装再另外一台服务器上，因为Varnish控制后台默认监听的是本机，因此，如果要刷新另一台反向代理服务器的缓存，就必须修改配置。可选的方法有两个，
其一，让Varnish的管理后台地址使用内网的IP（比如192.168.1.x），一般这种架构都是内网集群，因此监听内网也是比较合理的。
其二，本机使用autossh，把本机的端口6082映射到内网机器上面。
$ autossh -fN -L 6082:localhost:6082
完成
至此，Drupal7 Varnish的配置已经完成，Drupal和varnish也完全集成。Varnish的缓存总得来说速度大于其他缓存，所以可以代替Boost缓存。
如果要使用Varnish缓存动态内容，还有更多的内容要做，本文就不再增加大家的阅读量了（^_^）。
最后，顺便多嘴，说一下Apache的RPAF Module。
Varnish默认使用 X-Forwarded-For作为远程IP的地址信息，但是这个不是一个标准的协议，有时候我们还是用PHP里面的 $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']来获得IP。
Apache有一个模块，RPAF的配置文件 rpaf.conf如下，即可获设置正确的IP地址。（具体安装就不多说）
RPAFenable On
RPAFsethostname On
RPAFproxy_ips 127.0.0.1 192.168. 10.0.0.
RPAFheader X-Forwarded-For
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